Here, we focus on annual Earth's spin changes, which are dominantly induced by atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) exchanges between the atmosphere and solid Earth (Rosen and Salstein 1985).
The result is a dynamic synergy between the atmosphere and biosphere.
The exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and hydrosphere links the remaining parts of the cycle, which are the exchanges that occur between the atmosphere and terrestrial organisms and between water and aquatic organisms.
Short-term cycling of carbon occurs in the continual physical exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Strong winds are much more effective at transferring heat and moisture between the atmosphere and the ice/ocean surface.
Furthermore, the nature and variations of the minor components reveal extensive interactions between the atmosphere, terrestrial environment, and biota.
"The trouble is that the gradient between the atmosphere in the lower latitudes and in the Arctic is being disrupted by global warming," said Francis.
"There's an undeniable connection between the atmosphere of hatred that is promulgated and instigated against Israel and the wave of terrorist attacks in the world today," he said.
Indeed, the contrast between the atmosphere in Prague today and during the magical autumn of 1989 and the Velvet Revolution could scarcely be greater.
Sea ice extent has a large natural variability in both polar regions because of the amplifying effect of interactions between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice.
Winds play a major role in weather and climate, affecting the exchange of moisture, heat and greenhouse gases between the atmosphere and the oceans.
