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The author in [8] used the difference between test image and its recompressed versions for locating ADJPEG compressed regions.
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By computing the difference image between the test image and its reconstructed image, flaws are well highlighted as the reconstruction residuals and separated from the difference image.
Ghonima et al. [12] treated the pixel red-blue ratio (RBR) between the test image and clear sky image as the feature.
Using the probabilistic SVM classification model, confidence values are computed that represent the distance between the test image and the training set.
A classification step for each test image I using the minimization of FND distance dFN (fractal neighbor distance) defined as the distance between the test image and the attractor image: d FN = d ( f j ( I ), I ), (5).
We took the 160 images of sperms as the original classifications, and then we input the test image, transformed all the images into gray, and then calculated the difference between the test image and the original images.
Thus, patches rather than points are tracked between the test image and the reference to create a deformation field which can be used to correct the non-rigid transformation [ 18].
The optimal registration parameter, given by, is one which gives minimum value of between the transformed test image and.
Figures 8(a) and 8(b) provide the comparison between the original Lena test image and its corresponding watermarked image.The original watermark and the extracted watermark are also shown in Figures 8(c) and 8(d), respectively.
In the first stage, the EZM differences and the GM dissimilarities between the edge points of the test image and the same re-blurred image are extracted.
Hand posture recognition is eventually performed by computing a Mahalanobis distance between the signature obtained from the test image and preselected reference signatures.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com