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The heterogeneity of associations between subgroups was assessed using the χ-based Q-test.
The equality of the risk ratios between subgroups was assessed using the z-statistic test.
Assessment of statistical significance between subgroups was assessed using the Fisher exact test.
Heterogeneity in ORs between studies within each subgroup (European, Asian and African-American), and between subgroups, was assessed using the Cochrane Q statistic and quantified using the I 2 measure [ 20].
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Differences between subgroups were assessed with factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) 2 × 2 (time × group).
Differences in cumulative risk curves between subgroups were assessed by log-rank tests.
Furthermore, differences between subgroups were assessed using the χ test, as implemented in the ReviewManager software.
Differences in mean scores for each statement between subgroups were assessed using independent-samples t-tests [ 20].
The corresponding increase, relative to the modelled baseline examination outcome, is indicated under %. a Differences between subgroups are assessed by a Wald test for the time-subgroup interaction.
Cumulative probability of overall survival (OS) was estimated by Kaplan-Meier survival methods, and differences between subgroups were assessed by the log-rank test.
Comparison between the No and Any complications group have been made using the Mann–Whitney test, all other comparisons between subgroups were assessed by the Kruskal-Wallis test using the Conover post-hoc analysis.
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