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Statistical heterogeneity between study results was tested for significance using Cochran's Q-test and quantified using the I² statistic [ 20].
Antispasmodics were of benefit, but again heterogeneity between study results was significant, and there was evidence of publication bias.
Heterogeneity between study results was explored through consideration of study populations, study design, predictor variables assessed and outcomes chosen, although the small number of studies in each category limited this approach.
A fixed-effects model was used, thus assuming that the true effect in all studies was the same and any difference between study results was due to chance alone, and this assumption was checked using the I measure (13).
Important variability between study results was shown in sensitivity and specificity values, which is reflected by the significantly high I values (above 75%) for overall per patient data and per polyp data in the detection of polyps smaller than 6 mm and polyps 6 9 mm, and impeded the complementary performance of a rational meta-analysis.
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Our metaregression identified that the current variation between study results is partly explained by different urine sampling techniques.
To ensure that this was indeed the case, all final genes lists representing overlap between study results were also manually examined and any genes that were computationally misidentified subsequently removed.
24 We used meta-regression to evaluate to which extent heterogeneity between study results is related to blinding strategy (open label v double blind), morbidity status of participants (primary v secondary prevention), and vitamin E dose (≤200 mg/day v >200 mg/day; <200 mg/day v ≥200 mg/day; 50 mg/day v >50 mg/day).
Where PM and RM results are compared (between studies), results are presented as adjusted mean ± SE.
The degree of heterogeneity between the study results was tested by the inconsistency statistic (I).
Studies were heterogeneous when more variation between the study results was observed than would be expected to occur by chance alone.
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