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In addition to the variation we observed in the proportion of atypical MBCs between study populations in the U.S., Peru, and Mali, we found significant differences in the proportions of other B cell subsets (Fig. 3).
This fact could be due to some differences between study populations in the above-mentioned studies.
16 A proper analysis of sources of study heterogeneity is hampered if researchers are unable to determine a difference between study populations in trials investigating the same or similar interventions.
The source of this heterogeneity is obscure and likely to be multifaceted – but could plausibly be due to heterogeneity between study populations in terms of a) pervasiveness of cannabis ever-use and/or b) willingness to report it.
However, the quantum of change in ACQ-5 scores differed significantly between study populations in the various countries/areas (P < 0.0001); the change was highest amongst the study population in Indonesia, followed by that of those in India, China, Thailand and Taiwan.
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This association was not replicated in a second population of middle-aged participants from the US, which may be partially attributed to differences in ethnicity, in mean age between study populations, or in differences between cognitive tasks used [6].
Differences may be attributable to differences in exposure patterns between study populations, or to differences in the time between consecutive urinary collections.
This variation across studies may be due to differences between study populations, such as differences in distribution of age and race (Bowen et al. 2006; Klauber-DeMore 2005).
Although we defined the population of interest as patients with localised prostate cancer, there was heterogeneity between individual study populations in terms of the severity of disease.
‡Others included farmer Table 2 shows the comparison of MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations between the study populations in arsenic-endemic and non-endemic areas.
This diversity also reflects differences between the study populations in ethnic origin and age, and an increasing prevalence associated with the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes (4).
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