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If significant heterogeneity between studies is found, we will search for the possible causes from both clinical and methodological perspectives and provide an explanation or conduct subgroup analysis.
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Strong differences between studies were found in the predictors of desistance from crime.
Differences in fNIRS signals between studies were found in rest vs. walking, speed of walking, usual vs. complex walking and easy vs. difficult tasks.
For both complication variables, significant heterogeneity between studies was found.
However, some discrepancy and inconsistency of the miRNA expression profile between studies were found.
Heterogeneity between studies was found, which did not alter much in the subgroup analyses.
Ten articles evaluated OS for miR-182, and significant heterogeneity between studies was found (P = 0.04, I = 48.8%); therefore, a random-effects model was applied.
In terms of heterogeneity, a high level of agreement between studies was found – with I values of 0%% observed for most exposure variables (Fig. 2b- d).
As significant heterogeneity between studies was found in the meta-analysis of the nine [ 24, 57, 59- 65] reports of crude associations (Q = 50.14; p < 0.01), we used a random effects method for this analysis.
For both patterns, significant relations, consistent between different studies, are found for large parts of CE.
However, large differences in prevalence between different studies were found, most likely arising from different use of diagnostic criteria and a difference in populations between primary and secondary care.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com