The inclusion of gonads in the present study, but not by Itoh et al [ 27], is important because the proportion of genes showing sex-biased expression in gonads is much higher than in somatic tissue and because both the genomic distribution of sex-biased genes and the pattern of dosage compensation have been shown to differ between somatic tissue and germ line in other organisms [ 11, 45].
In total, 10% of the investigated genes had striking changes in DNA methylation between somatic tissues (brain, lung and kidney) of second-trimester fetus compared with adult.
In addition to their role in plasma and hemolymph lipid transport between somatic tissues, extracellular LLTP, mainly Vtg and apoCr, facilitate the massive deposition of yolk reserves inside the oocytes of most oviparous species.
This epigenetic patterning probably provides a framework for the stability of the 10,000 13,000 genes that are differentially expressed between somatic tissues (Ramsköld et al., 2009).
Given that the goal of this study was to identify differential gene expression between somatic tissues in the different polyp types, it was necessary to reduce the effect of gametogenic expression for the DE analyses.
This non-cell-autonomous transcriptional regulation of HSP90 levels between somatic tissues was independent of neuronal control, but dependent on the FOXA transcription factor PHA-4 (van Oosten-Hawle et al., 2013).
It has been shown that genes located on sex chromosomes contribute to differential gene expression between male and female somatic tissues, and sex steroid hormones are thought to provide the initiation of sexual differentiation [ 10, 17– 17].
While both studies indicate that female-biased genes are old, the results for male-biased genes differ between our study of somatic tissues and the study of gonadal expression.
RsaI repeats are transcriptionally active in somatic tissues and spermatozoa.
We also studied their expression in somatic tissues and spermatozoa.
