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Notable distinctions were observed both between samples from separate men and among individually assayed sperm from the same man [23].
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The greatest variance in gene expression was found between samples from the three growing seasons, as they were separated along the first component (51% of the total variance).
An empirical Bayes analysis of variance approach [ 32] was then used on the normalised data to separate genes that were differentially expressed between samples from genes with equal expression level across all samples.
This indicated that a very low level of variation in gene expression occurred between biological replicates resulting from parasite samples obtained from separate infections.
We have previously reported that there was genetic structure on different geographic scales along the Brazilian coast, with significant genetic differentiation between samples separated by distances from thousands of kilometers to hundreds of meters, regarding microsatellite analyses in both A. germinans and A. schaueriana [ 26].
Spores from five samples from each separate plug were counted using a haemocytometer.
Total RNAs of adherent cells (four separate samples from healthy BM and four separate samples from healthy synovium between passage 4 and passage 6) were extracted using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen S.A).
Similarly, a clear separation was observed between sperm samples from M. pahari and M. musculus, whereas sperm samples from M. spretus and M. spicilegus were not clearly separated from each other.
The cytotoxicity data were analyzed using repeated measures of variance with post hoc comparisons and significance levels defined as p < 0.05 to determine statistical differences between the means and allow within-sample variation to be separated from between-sample variation.
This analysis allows within-sample variation to be separated from between-sample variation.
Although there is some variability, as expected in a study of humans, the clustering of the rows (genes) on the heat map reveals distinct patterns of transcript abundance between lymphocyte samples that clearly separate the high- from the low-arsenic-exposed subjects (between subjects 13 and 17).
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