While the consequences of outbreeding may be highly variable or uncertain when genetic distances between populations are small (Houde et al. 2011), our results show that large adaptive differences may exist between geographically proximate stocks despite modest neutral genetic differentiation.
The average secondary chemical shifts are plotted for these sites because the predicted secondary structure remains the same in each case (and the differences between populations are small for the glycines).
Such small populations may have survived in refugia in northern Japan during glacial periods; this suggestion is supported by the structure result for K = 4. Genetic differentiation between populations was small (average FST = 0.0506), as found in previous studies using SSR and CAPS (Takahashi et al. 2005; Tsumura et al. 2007).
The distances between populations are smaller and all squares are closer to the center of the plot (small gray arrows).
Only in a few scenarios did we observe the expected superiority in level of G ¯ from a deep reference population after long-term selection, but the differences in levels of G ¯ between the deep and shallow reference populations were small for all scenarios.
Given time, populations separated by erosion gaps will diverge as a consequence of both adaptive divergence and neutral processes (drift), the latter being more important where the selective differentials between populations are low and/or population size is small with limited gene flow [ 21].
Studies have demonstrated that geographically separated R. brevipes populations (globally and continentally) develop significant genetic differentiation, suggesting that gene flow between these populations is small.
The choice of priors p(Q n) and p(P lk) plays an important role in inference, particularly when the FST between the underlying populations is small and population structure is difficult to resolve.
This implies that similar LD patterns exist in both populations, which in turn indicates that the genetic differentiation between the UK and US populations is small, or that a similar LD structure exists due to a common recombination background, or both.
