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Directions of evolution between populations were evaluated as the difference of the averaged FCs per locality.
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The statistical significance of the differences in LD between populations was evaluated using a Wilcoxon signed rank test (i.e., a paired test) in R. Great-circle distances from R package fields [34] were used as the geographic distances between individuals.
For visualizing the AMOVA results, multi-dimensional scaling plots based on pairwise Fst-values were generated with PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc .. Differences in haplogroup-distributions between different populations were evaluated with a Chi-Square Test.
Finally, correlations between different cell populations were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.
Statistical differences in gene expression (qRT-PCR) between WT cell populations were evaluated using the non-parametric, one-sided Sign test.
Furthermore, their contributions to the structural segregation of plaque microbiota between the two host populations were evaluated.
Differences between rural and urban populations were evaluated by fitting linear regression models to continuous variables and logistic regression models to categorical variables, with rural urban indicator as predictor.
Differences between the Bangkok and Mae Sot populations were evaluated using Student's t-test for normally distributed variables, and the Mann–Whitney U test for variables that were not normally distributed.
Several populations were evaluated with contradictory results.
The genetic differentiation (ΦST) among all 62 pairs of P. ramorum forest and nursery populations was evaluated as the between population proportion of molecular variance from amova (Excoffier et al. 1992), implemented by arlequin v.3.5 (Excoffier et al. 2005).
The association between sampling time and differences in genotype frequency among populations was evaluated using simple linear correlation.
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