Between-population differences were confirmed for height growth only for the CDW site, while for survival only for the CDW and GOL sites.
The AMOVA of the control region sequences revealed that most of the variation (90%) is due to between-population differences (within population difference only 10%, p<0.0001).
The positive relationship evidenced between network architecture and population performance was not mediated by between-population differences in plant size and flower production, since there was no relationship between number of flowers produced per plant and overall performance (r2 = 0.02, t = 0.37, P = 0.72, linear regression).
Sequence divergence (along diagonal), corrected between-population differences (below diagonal), and between-population Φst (above diagonal).
A small-scale analysis on 1000 Genomes samples demonstrates between-population differences within each DEFA1A3 haplotype class.
Comparison of the three cohorts of partners to pregnant women showed significant between-population differences regarding levels of all reproductive hormones except LH.
Within the same tsetse species, between-population differences are observed in the hosts fed on, depending on host availability (de La Rocque et al. 2005).
However, prevalence is often used as an initial proxy for population-level differences in infection risk, and this can be a reasonable proxy especially when between-population differences in prevalence are large [ 41].
First, within- and between-population differences in carotenoid-based plumage color have been attributed to dietary carotenoid access in great tits (Parus major) (Slagsvold and Lifjeld 1985; Isaksson 2009) and northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) (Linville and Breitwisch 1997).
Between-population differences in injury period prevalence may be partly due to the wording of the question, which is sensitive to the access to health services and perception of injury seriousness.
