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Second, phenotypic differences between populations can be induced by genetic and/or environmental differences, and under population substructure the phenotypic covariance can be inflated if there are phenotypic differences between populations attributable to environmental differences.
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To assess the proportion of sporadic STEC disease in the study population attributable to a specific exposure, the variable's population attributable fraction (PAFi) was computed.
DID estimations aimed at assessing the impacts of interventions assume that both populations demonstrate similar characteristics prior to the start of the intervention, and that 'unobservables' follow a common trend; under such circumstances, any differences in changes observed over time between the two populations are attributable to the interventions.
Nevertheless, the observed differences between populations were not attributable to abortion legislation by itself.
Several studies have shown an association between adult obesity and CKD with approximately 25% of CKD in Western populations being attributable to obesity [ 106].
The reasons for this are manifold, including poor matching of cases and controls; hidden stratification in the populations; allelic and genetic heterogeneity; differences in environmental effects between populations; different attributable risks to an allele in different populations; and differences in an allele's frequency between populations.
Heritability (proportion of the population variance attributable to genetic variation) was estimated using structural equation analyses.
The very presence of a substantial black population is attributable to market forces.
Finally, there may be CRC disparities between screened and underscreened populations beyond those attributable to screening.
The conundrums of statistically significant associations in opposite directions in different populations may be attributable to the effects of one or more independent risk factors that differ between the populations studied.
The fraction of all asthma cases in the working age population (i.e., population-attributable fraction) attributable to ETS exposure in the last year was 8.0%.
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