With regard to future evolution in response to HIREC, more data are needed on genetic variation within and between populations and selection on key behavioural responses to HIREC.
Both predictions assume no direct pedigree relationships between the reference population and selection candidates and probably underestimate the accuracy achieved in practice.
CD/cal: Cultural diffusion with calcium assimilation hypothesis; in this case, there is no migration between populations and the selection coefficient increases with latitude.
CD/gcc: Cultural diffusion with gene-culture coevolution hypothesis; there is no migrations between populations and the selection coefficient is kept constant all over Europe.
Since these signals cover only 0.43% of the genome and the CNV discovery sets included 2.1 and 5.6% of the genome, respectively [ 16, 17], it is hypothesized that CNV are associated with differences in LD between populations and with selection processes [ 13- 15].
In order to distinguish between population growth and selection, we used H statistics [ 72].
Overall, a slower population decline was associated with a higher frequency of resistant cells, indicating a direct link between population dynamics and selection for antibiotic resistance.
Yet gene flow between landrace populations and selection by the growers and the environment for adaptive characteristics that increase fitness can play, at times, contradictory roles (Slatkin 1987; Lenormand 2002).
CD/lbk: Cultural diffusion with dairy farming hypothesis; There is no migration between populations and a higher selection coefficient is simulated in populations belonging to the LBK culture than in other populations.
Older analyses, based on the upregulation of resistance/stemness genes at the whole-cell population level (e.g., western blot) and lacking detailed kinetics, obscure the difference between population (selection) and cell-individual (induction) phenomena (Abolhoda et al, 1999; Huang et al, 2012; Tenbaum et al, 2012; Das Thakur et al, 2013; Sun et al, 2014).
