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Associations between physical capability levels and the other specified outcomes have not been tested widely.
The variation between studies in the way in which each specified outcome had been defined and the lack of sufficient sets of results from analyses testing any one particular association highlights the need to undertake more studies of the associations between physical capability levels and subsequent health problems using clearly defined, standardised outcome definitions.
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There are a number of reasons to expect to find associations between objectively measured physical capability levels and subsequent health outcomes in community-dwelling populations.
This systematic review provides evidence of modest associations between childhood SEP and physical capability levels in adulthood, although considerable heterogeneity between studies was observed.
Our finding of attenuations in effect size after adjustment for adult SEP suggests that associations between childhood SEP and physical capability levels could be partially explained by the tracking of SEP across life, with SEP in adulthood being a better predictor than childhood SEP.
However, these cut-off points may not be suitable for all populations, considering differences in absolute physical capability levels reported between populations of different countries [ 46, 47] even when part of the same study [ 12].
We found modest associations between indicators of childhood SEP and objectively measured physical capability levels in adulthood.
However, absolute physical capability levels are difficult to compare between studies, due to differences in measurement protocols [ 48, 49].
This review demonstrates the impact of childhood SEP on physical capability levels in adulthood, which in turn are predictors of subsequent mortality in older community-dwelling populations [4].
One possibility is that physical capability levels directly affect risk of some health outcomes.
As it is possible that poor health could influence physical capability levels, eligible studies had to have measured physical capability levels at an earlier time point than the assessment of outcome and so cross-sectional studies were necessarily excluded.
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