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PS-DSPI utilizes the interference between an object beam from a measuring target and a reference beam from a fixed surface to measure the out-of-plane deformation, and the interference between object and reference beams from the measuring target via different paths to measure in-plane deformations [8, 9].
Strictly speaking, the recorded phase is not the phase difference between object and reference beam, but also includes the MO's diffraction due to frequency cutoff.
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The interference pattern between the object and reference beams is obtained by a second BS and acquired by the CCD camera.
Δϕ is the phase difference between the corresponding point on the object and reference plane.
Since the intensity of the reflected wave from the skin tissue is quite weak, a regular thin cover glass (thickness ~100 µm) is used as a reference mirror in Fig. 1 to balance the intensity between the object and the reference waves.
Knowledge about position in large-scale space is commonly represented by a combination of orientation and distance relations, which we express in a particular frame of reference between a primary object and a reference object.
Quantification is the basic mode of reference to objects, and reference to objects is always ontologically committing.
For instance, according to them, the verb ascend lexicalizes a scale with its points ordered in the direction against gravity; the distance between the moving object and the reference object (e.g., the ground) keeps increasing as the moving object continues ascending.
Rappaport Hovav and Levin (2010) point out that the path of a motion event is composed of continuous points ordered between the moving object and a reference object, and the ordered points indicate measurement values on the dimension of distance, so that the path can be understood as a spatial scale.
In addition, developers can also add custom objects and references.
The hologram is generated by the optical interference between the light coming from the object and a reference light beam.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com