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Security protocols guarantee the confidentiality of communications between mobile users and NCC by encrypting them using the shared session key.
(1) Mutual authentication: Mutual authentication between mobile users and NCC is an essential requirement, while many authentication schemes in the literature only provide unilateral authentication, i.e., GSM.
After more than a year of development and incubation in the Intellectual Ventures Lab, the mTenna™ has been developed, with a mission to simplify the connection between mobile users and high capacity Ka-band communications satellites.
The rate of increase in the popularity of mobile phone usage has far outpaced the availability of usable frequencies which are necessary for the communication between mobile users and the base stations of cellular networks.
In these systems, fixed relays are deployed as intermediate nodes to forward data between mobile users and base stations (BS), thus improving the transmission reliability and extending the network coverage [3, 4].
However, the degraded areas e.g. indoors and urban canyon are still challenges for satellite based positioning technologies because of well known problems such as the weak signal or non line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions between mobile users and satellites.
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Due to the mobility of the users, the propagation channel conditions between the mobile users and their RSs change with time.
Moreover, a community clinic solution integrated in the cloudlet group between the mobile users and the cloud was proposed by Zhang et al. [18].
In the case of a line of sight between the mobile users and the base station, the N × M matrix V has the following form V = 1 N [ v ( θ 1 ), …, v ( θ M ) ], where v = 1, e - j 2 π d λ sin ,. . .
There are a number of apps out there seeking to displace SMS as the primary mode of communications between mobile users — there's MessageMe, Line, WeChat, WhatsApp and others.
The Short Message Service (SMS) in the GSM system is designed to provide a vehicle for delivering length-limited data messages between mobile users.
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