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Similarly, positive estimates (although slightly lower) were found between maternal effects of GL and CD.
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However, such approach may result in outcomes that are difficult to interpret as this test cannot provide clear distinction between maternal effects and non-equivalence of parental transmissions (imprinting).
A similar pattern, although with slightly lower estimates, was found for the genetic correlation between the maternal effects of CD and SB.
All of the recursive models evaluated in this study detected a heterogeneous correlation between direct and maternal effects of GL and between direct and maternal liabilities to CD and SB, as expected.
The negative genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects of CE implies that dairy farmers need to base selection decisions on both the direct and the maternal PTA of a sire for CE in first parity, to avoid long-term negative consequences.
Table 2 shows the estimated genetic correlations between the direct and maternal effects of CE, SB and GL in first parity heifers obtained from bivariate analyses.
All relationships between direct effects of one trait and maternal effects of the other trait (and vice versa) were non-significant, except for the genetic correlation between direct SB and maternal CE in first parity, which was high and positive.
Numerous studies confirm a negative genetic relationship between the direct and maternal effect of CE [ 38- 40], although positive correlations also appear in the literature [ 23].
Reciprocal cross experiments revealed the maternal effect of AP2 on seed size [58].
This removes any maternal effect of the deficiencies.
However, because of the high negative genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects, the repeatability between foalings of the same mare remained low, and lower than for FE (mean of 0.12 for SB v. 0.28 for FE).
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