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The test incorporates information from a full set of markers (or a defined subset) within a gene and accounts for linkage disequilibrium between markers by using simulations from the multivariate normal distribution.
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The bias between markers was tested by using a paired t test.
Using Mapmaker 3.0 [ 68] this marker order was then verified by maximum likelihood analysis and linkage distances between markers estimated, using the Kosambi map function.
Our study included ten populations in one geographical area (at most 50 km distance between populations) and we characterised the social type of colonies and inferred the gene flow between populations by using genetic markers (nuclear and mitochondrial), and screened the occurrence of several endosymbionts.
The significance of association between traits and markers was estimated by using an adjusted P value (Bonferroni correction) and the threshold for the association was set to <5.88×10−4 (0.05/8 5.
Correlations between markers were evaluated using Fisher's exact test.
Genetic distances between markers were computed using Kosambi mapping function.
Correlations between markers were assessed using Spearman's rank correlation.
Linkage disequilibrium between markers was examined using Haploview v4.2 [ 22].
Pairwise interactions between markers were tested using analysis of variance.
He had tried masking the splotch by using markers to color around it, but that made it even less subtle.
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