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Consistent with previous studies of territoriality and aggression in D. melanogaster [1], [15], [22], there were very large overall differences between males of different lines in their propensity to win territorial interactions.
When first described, Uca capricornis was believed to be 2 distinct species: U. capricornis and U. pavo, based on the extreme difference in colouration between males of different sizes [34].
Interestingly, no difference was found between males of different brain sizes (GzLMMmales, n = 24, selection: χ = 0.38, df = 1, p = 0.535; Figure 2).
Whether in these populations females do use the existing call differences to choose between males of different ploidies remains to be the subject for further studies.
Whether this lack of discrimination reflects that they should not (ultimate reason), or that they cannot differentiate between males of different ploidy, because their calls do not differ much (proximate reason), remains an open question.
ECB females are able to distinguish between males of different ages and the composition of male scents varies accordingly.
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It begins with another black boy's death in Los Angeles before segueing into a moment of shared love between black males of different ages in a place where sunshine gives the only appearance of hope.
In some places in Africa there is quite a lot of interchange between the males of different chimpanzee groups, but in Senegal the environment is so poor that our group had a huge range of around 92 square kilometres.
We investigated two components of sexual selection in the Moor frog (Rana arvalis), pre-copulatory female choice between two males of different size ('large' vs. 'small'), and their fertilization success in sperm competition and in isolation.
Conflicts in male-male competition between ergatoid males of different age thus seem to be resolved in favour of the older males.
Note that this experimental set-up can also be viewed as a test for competition between two males of different origins.
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