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Relationships between lightning frequency and the height of precipitation within thunderstorms have been found.
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While the results suggested that cold-season lightning may be primarily caused by synoptic-scale cyclones, variations between individual cases and the relationship between lightning frequency distribution and meteorological disturbances were not thoroughly discussed.
We studied some typical cases to clarify the links between lightning frequency distribution and meteorological conditions.
In order to clarify the relationship between lightning frequency distribution and meteorological fields, we calculated three meteorological parameters, "surface wind divergence," "convective instability index," and "height at −10 °C," based on the MSM-GPV data and then compared them with lightning frequency distributions of the WL cases.
The aim of this study is to identify major types of winter lightning and to examine the relationships between their lightning frequency distributions and meteorological disturbances based on LLS observational data from the Tohoku district and the eastern part of the Hokuriku district (including Niigata and Toyama Prefectures) (Fig. 1).
In order to clarify the relationship between case A's lightning frequency distributions and meteorological fields, we calculated divU and ΔEPT using Eqs.
For example, Fujisawa and Kawamura (2005) clarified lightning frequency distributions and seasonal changes (Nov. Feb).
Fig. 10 Lightning frequency distributions and atmospheric conditions at the surface for case A. a Time series maps of lightning frequency distribution.
This study identified three major types of Japanese winter lightning activity (types A C) based on lightning frequency distribution and meteorological conditions.
Time series maps of lightning frequency distribution and synoptic-scale atmospheric conditions for case A are shown in Fig. 10.
Time series maps of lightning frequency distribution and synoptic-scale atmospheric conditions for case C are shown in Fig. 16.
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