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A pooled analysis of eight cohort studies found a null association between intake of red meat and risk of breast cancer.
Finally, a positive association between intake of red meat and risk of ischaemic heart disease among women was reported from the Nurses Health Studyy.
Although not entirely consistent, results from case-control and cohort studies suggest a modest association between intake of red meat and risk of CRC [ 7- 9].
Thus, the observed positive associations between intake of red meat and processed meat and CRP, and CRP and risk of type 2 diabetes may indicate that CRP mediates the association between intake of meat, especially red and processed meat, and risk of type 2 diabetes.
On the basis of P for interaction, the association between intake of red meat (Pinteraction sex = 0.29; Pinteraction BMI = 0.83), processed meat (Pinteraction sex = 0.26; Pinteraction BMI = 0.49), or poultry (Pinteraction sex = 0.07; Pinteraction BMI = 0.93) and risk of type 2 diabetes did not differ by sex and BMI.
We also examined whether the association between intake of red meat and breast cancer risk differed by levels of risk factors for breast cancer, including family history of breast cancer, body mass index, oral contraceptive use, smoking, history of benign breast disease, alcohol intake, postmenopausal hormone use, age at first birth, and parity.
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Carcinogenic byproducts such as heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, created during high temperature cooking of meat; animal fat and heme iron from red meat; and hormone residues of the exogenous hormones for growth stimulation in beef cattle are some of the mechanisms that may explain the positive association between high intake of red meat and risk of breast cancer.
It is noteworthy that recent prospective human epidemiologic studies show compelling evidence for high total and saturated fat intake as a risk factor for ER + PR+ as well as HER2− breast cancer [ 44] and, strikingly, a strong association between the intake of red meat derived animal fat and breast cancer risk in normal-weight, premenopausal women but not in overweight or obese women [ 5].
The present analysis showed no association between intake of meat or red meat or dietary intake of iron, haem iron, iron from meat sources, or non- haem iron and risk of endometrial cancer.
There was interaction between this polymorphism and intake of red and processed meat in relation to CRC risk.
A cross product interaction term between each factor and intake of red meat expressed as a continuous variable was included in the multivariable model.
More suggestions(12)
between intake of sugar-sweetened
between intake of whole
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between intake of long
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between intake of multivitamin-multimineral
between intake of energy-adjusted
between intake of pure
between intake of nitrate
between intake of solid
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between intake of total
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