The pattern of contact between haematophagous insects, such as tsetse flies, and their hosts is extremely heterogenous and non-random (Kelly, 2001).
It has been observed in previous studies that contact between blood feeding insects such as tsetse flies and their respective hosts is highly heterogeneous and non-random [ 5– 7].
Such distinct diet-related senescence is analogous to the divergent aging processes and causes of death observed between castes of social insects, such as queens versus workers ("caste-related-senescence") and also between breeding versus non-breeding semelparous animals ("reproduction-related-senescence").
An arms race between conifers and herbivorous insects, such as bark beetles, results in the diversification of constitutive defense and stress-induced genes in conifers [ 97].
The interaction between insectivorous bats and tympanate insects such as moths, is one of the most cited examples of a coevolutionary arms race [21].
The interplay between morphology and behavior is particularly interesting in social insects such as ants.
Also, one should take into account that D. melanogaster is a very small insect, and potentially the interactions between body size and oxygen delivery might differ in much larger insects, such as the giant Palaeozoic palaeopterans.
Studies on hexamerins in other social insects, such as ants and termites, have identified a correlation between depletion of hexamerins within queens and colony formation [ 55, 56].
Social insects, such as termites, bees, wasps, and ants, are able to distinguish between nest mates and individuals from other colonies.
The herbivores range from insects (such as aphids) to large mammals (such as elephants).
