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In addition, the present study supports previous findings of the relationship between impaired kidney function and cognitive decline [ 16, 17, 22, 24- 26].
Although monogenic causes of nephrolithiasis frequently result in ESRD [ 11], the relationship between impaired kidney function and the common type of kidney stones is much less clear.
Indeed, data suggest that the association between impaired kidney function and cardiovascular disease or mortality is more apparent in black people 14 and men.
However, studies of the association between impaired kidney function and cardiovascular disease among people not selected on the basis of cardiovascular risk or impaired kidney function showed less consistent results.
6 7 8 9 Furthermore, several studies suggest an association between impaired kidney function and cardiovascular disease as well as mortality from all causes 10 11 12 13 14 15 and specifically from cardiovascular disease.
24 In addition, when we used creatinine categories or the Cockcroft-Gault equation 32 (data not shown) to estimate kidney function, we found a similar pattern of association between impaired kidney function and cardiovascular disease events.
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The median duration of impaired kidney function in subjects with impaired kidney function with and without SHF was 18 months (Interquartile Range = 3 – 160 months) and 24 months (Interquartile Range = 6 – 190 months) respectively (p-value > 0.05).
There were no patients with impaired kidney function or clinical neurological impairment.
Congestive heart failure is often associated with impaired kidney function.
In patients after kidney transplantation, anemia is relatively common and is associated with impaired kidney function, subclinical inflammatory state, and immunosuppressive treatment.
Furthermore, CEUS is applicable in patients with impaired kidney function or ureteric obstruction, which may be contraindications for contrast-enhanced CT or MRI [36].
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