EPIC-PANACEA (Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of smoking, Eating out of home And obesity) offers the opportunity to evaluate the association between highest educational level attained and measurements of BMI and WC in a large European population.
In addition, the analysis was sensitive to removal of individual studies, resulting in detection of both significant and nonsignificant associations between higher educational levels and longer telomeres.
These findings may seem surprising in light of the association between higher educational levels for licensed nurses (e.g. RNs holding bachelor's degree versus RN without a bachelor's degree, RN versus LPN) and better patient outcomes.
* Estimates denote difference in BP (mmHg) between low/mid and high educational level.
Among women, however, no significant differences could be found between low and high educational level in any subgroup.
The differences in the number of perseverative errors and the error ratio between age groups, between low educational level and high educational level, and between men and women were tested with the Mann-Whitney U test or, if appropriate, Kruskal-Wallis H test. Percentiles were calculated in 10%-increments.
Differences in the number of unique designs between persons with low and high educational level and between men and women were also tested with the independent-samples t test.
The results show substantial differences in motivation to quit between those with both high educational level and high income, compared with those with both low educational level and low income.
This gives a reduction in the excess risk between the low and high educational level groups of 18%, i.e. (523-429/523) * 100 compared to when looking at the whole study population.
Similar to early pregnancy, adding BMI to the basic model attenuated the differences in diastolic BP. * Estimates denote difference in BP (mmHg) between low, mid and high educational level.
