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Significant differences between groups were defined by a p value less than 0.05.
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The level of significant difference in comparisons between groups was defined as P < 0.05.
Significance of differences between groups was defined at less than 0.05.
The difference between groups was defined to be statistically significant when a p-value was less than 0.05.
Chi-square tests were conducted to assess whether there were any group differences on categorical variables between the women who provided self-report and clinically-assessed data, compared to those women who provided self-reported data only; a statistically significant difference between groups was defined as p < 0.05.
Differences between the groups were defined as being statistically significant if the P-value was less than 0.05.
In total, three primary comparisons between the treatment groups were defined and tested, namely (1) 75 mg Petasites extract versus placebo, (2) 50 mg Petasites extract versus placebo and (3) 75 versus 50 mg Petasites extract.
Important differences between the two groups were defined by a standardised difference exceeding 0.1.
The differentially methylated genes between the two groups were defined as at least a 1.5-fold change of geometric mean intensity; Student's t test was used for methylation percentage and messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression level expression.
Differences between control and OA groups were defined using a two-sided Mann-Whitney U test; this nonparametric test makes no prior assumption about the distribution of the data.
According to the difference of PaO2/FiO2 between t2 and t0, three groups were defined: nonresponders (NR: difference of PaO2/FiO2 ≤0%, n = 8), low responders (LR: difference of PaO2/FiO2 = 0 to 50%, n = 11) and high responders (HR: difference of PaO2/FiO2 >50%, n = 11).
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