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Change in pain and function from pre to post treatment, the primary outcome measures, were compared between groups using separate analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs), controlling for baseline values.
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Trends over time will be compared between the two groups using separate mixed effects regression models for each parent, with a fixed effect of time (gestational and chronological age) and group as well as an interaction between time and group.
Differences in demographic variables between groups were evaluated using separate one-way, between groups ANOVA.
Comparison between groups used two-tailed Student's t-test.
Categorical variable differences between groups were evaluated using separate Pearson chi-squared tests.
To exclude that the effects of TNF- α were confounded by retesting the same animals over time, the SPT study was repeated in an independent between-subjects design study using separate groups of TNF- α challenged mice that were tested at either 6 h or 24 h.
Two age groups were compared, using separate between-subject t-tests (two tails), to test the hypothesis that broadly differing age classes are distinguishable, even if more precise ages cannot always be predicted based on call characteristics.
Data for mRNA expression were analysed using separate between-group one-way ANOVAs with Tukey's post hoc comparisons.
Both the CRT- as well as the tapping task (TA) were analyzed using separate univariate ANOVAs with the between-subject factor group (controls, pHD, HD).
We modeled interactions between temperature and sex or categorical age group (10 24 years and 25 64 years, with ≥ 65 years as the reference category) using separate models.
Residents were separated into two groups based on whether their diagnosis/treatment rating was 1 or 0 (agreement versus disagreement with the experts), and the scores were compared between these groups using the Mann-Whitney U-test.
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