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Tulppo et al. [ 42] showed no differences in resting HRV between groups of differing fitness levels despite significant differences in resting HR; however, the high fitness group demonstrated enhanced vagal function during exercise compared to the low-fitness group.
Jensen and Finley (1996) also issued pre- and post-course tests, but compared the results between groups of differing instruction methods.
A growing body of literature highlights the importance of health insurance in closing the gap in health outcomes between groups of differing socioeconomic status (SES) (19– 24).
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Comparisons of test results are performed between groups of specimens differing only for one characteristic (deterioration state, corrosion test performed, rubber shape and geometry).
This assesses how well a specific domain is able to discriminate between groups of patients differing in clinical status [ 9].
The PGWB global score also discriminated between groups of patients differing with regard to whether they had experienced daytime hypoglycemia, nighttime hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia (all p < 0.05).
In the first experiment we asked whether newborn guppies without any previous social experience showed the same ability as adults to discriminate between groups of peer fish differing in numerosity.
One method is subgroup analysis [ 102] to adjust for unmeasured differences between groups of individuals who differ on known risk factors.
Known-group validity can be evaluated when differences in scores are expected between groups of patients that differ on relevant variables.
Known-group validity is assessed by testing the ability of a measure to distinguish between groups of people that differ according to a factor that is known, or suspected, to influence scores.
Furthermore, both the EQ-5D and PGWB discriminated between groups of patients who differed in self-reported impact of diabetes symptoms, preference for weight change, and experience with hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
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