Nutritional strategies in intensive care units, as evaluated in this randomised trial of initial trophic versus full enteral feeding, had no effect on a wide spectrum of outcome measures reported by patients, with no differences between groups for the physical function primary outcome or for nearly all secondary physical, psychological, cognitive and employment outcomes.
The third study reported no statistically significant difference between groups for 'interactional' physical restraint (force or pressure in medical examination, treatment or in activities of daily living) (Testad 2010 [ 30]).
As indicated in Table 3 and Figure 1, simple linear regression adjusted for age and gender revealed a significant difference between groups for the physical (cof = -1.12 [-1.47 to -0.76], p = 0.001) and mental (cof = -0.75 [-1.4 to -0.16], p = 0.02) SF-36 components.
The MANOVA showed a significant difference between the groups for physical function (PFI) and physical activity (RAPA) (Λ = 0.88, F = (2.86) = 5.97.
Unpaired t tests were used to assess relative changes between groups for muscle carnosine and physical capacity parameters.
Energy expenditure (EE), calculated in metabolic equivalents (METs), was compared between groups for moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and for domain-specific prevalence rates of meeting public health guidelines and all-domain insufficient PA.
In contrast, no significant difference was detected in biochemical parameters and physical examination between groups for BsmI and ApaI VDR gene polymorphisms in a subsequent study including 74 hypertensive patients (49 females/25 males) without other comorbidities, that is, diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, and severe obesity [ 100].
No differences were detected between groups for change in waist circumference, nor objectively measured physical activity.
Data for the participants of the two countries were pooled, since there were no significant differences between the groups for the physical activity variables.
