Finally, in the older adult sample, a significant relationship between global executive performance and decreased grey matter volume in anterior (i.e. frontal, insular and cingulate cortex) but also some posterior brain areas (i.e. temporal and parietal cortices) as well as subcortical structures was observed.
For the parent ratings, no significant relations were found between executive functioning and academic performance in the Chinese sample.
In fact the relationship between dopamine replacement and executive performance is complex (Cools, 2006), in that either too high or too low levels of prefrontal dopamine are associated with poor executive performance, and this may relate partly to COMT (catechol O-methyltransferase) genotype (Foltynie et al., 2004 b ; Williams-Gray et al., 2007 b ; Nombela et al., 2014).
42 Some authors also maintain that the discrepancy between subjective difficulties and objective function could be a warning sign of depression because individuals with depression tend to underestimate their executive performance and have lower QOL.
Moreover, we estimated the effect size of the differences in the executive performance between polysubstance users and non substance users in order to know which neuropsychological tasks can be useful to detect alterations in the executive functions.
The absence of differences in executive performance between groups was unexpected and calls for a closer inspection.
A high pay commission discussion paper (PDF) noted that since the mid-1990s, the link between executive pay and performance has led "to huge increases in performance-related remuneration" without a "corresponding leap forward in company performance".
He also said management changes at the company resulted in strategy shifts, including lower sales to wholesale accounts and a "disconnect" between executive pay and performance.
Shareholders who insist on a link between executive compensation and performance know that CEOs are chronically overvalued.
In a study by Vanderploeg et al. (1994), relationships between executive abilities and performance on the CVLT were examined in a sample of neurological patients.
