The plot does not distinguish between effects at the individual and at the program level.
Advantages of invertebrates in ecotoxicologic investigation are presented for their usefulness for seeking mechanistic links between effects occurring at the individual level and consequences for higher levels of biologic organization (e.g., population and community).
Panel studies that include indoor, outdoor, personal, and fixed-site PM monitoring can provide an important link between the effects observed in a population and the effects at the individual subject level.
"Effects at the individual level can have a major knock-on effect at the colony level.
Despite the link between exposure to Cu and Zn and decreased reproductive output in gastropods, past studies consider mostly female-mediated effects at the individual level.
The effects of sexual status and mutation rate, and any interaction between them, at individual time-points were analyzed by ANOVA where main effects were treated as factors.
The effects of pledges happened at individual, organisational and national levels.
It explores the simultaneous effects of different dimensions of network embeddedness over time at individual level.
We also looked at effects of individual drugs and of individual drug combinations (table 3).
Dominance and over/under-dominance (which we call local heterozygosity effects) involve mechanisms that operate at individual loci, whereas epistasis involves non-additive interaction between loci.
Nonretention mortality may counter these effects in aggregate, but the effects at the level of individual populations are difficult to predict without greater insight as to the relationship between size and maturity.
