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Our results revealed that all three factors play a role in explaining variation of gene expression in American eel, thus indicating that phenotypic variation observed in the species is mainly but not purely plastic and therefore also involves genetically (and/or epigenetic) based differences between eels from different locations.
These results emphasize that while plasticity in expression may be important, there is also a role for local genetic (and/or epigenetic) differences in explaining differences in gene expression between eels from different geographic origins.
Besides these super-families that could play a role in growth, many other functions differed in expression between eels from different origins, as reported also in other fish studies comparing genetically distinct locally adapted populations [ 30, 37- 39].
By contrast, observing differences of transcription profiles between eels from different origins or different genomic norms of reaction across different rearing environments would suggest a possible role for genetic differences between eels from different origins, possibly resulting from spatially varying selection.
The different genomic reactions observed between eels from different origins could reflect an adaptive plastic response to the environment.
In summary, results to date suggest that local genetic differences between glass eels of different origins are at least partly due to spatially varying selection translating into transcriptomic differences (including different genomic norms of reaction), which could partly explain the phenotypic variance observed between eels from different habitats.
Similar(54)
Alternatively, differential selective pressures associated with variable environmental conditions being encountered during marine dispersal can result in genetic differences between glass eels from different locations through the process of spatially varying selection as demonstrated by Gagnaire et al. (2012) [ 12].
Notwithstanding a role for environmental plastic response in explaining differential expression between glass eels of different geographic origins (see below), this first result along with evidence for local genetic differences at coding genes points towards a role for some genetic differences between glass eels from different origins.
In absence of any local genetic differences between locations, and given panmixia, one expects that eels from different origins reared in similar environments should present similar gene expression profiles.
European eels from different parts of Europe and North Africa migrate to the sea -- a mass of slow-moving warm water in the middle of the North Atlantic -- and randomly mate.
The best explanation for these findings, the researchers suggest, is that eels from different regions arrive in the Sargasso at different times based on how far they have to travel.
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