Each access point was independently configurable, providing an island of connectivity.
Though managed together, each access point's coverage area was still an island.
This avoids being left with small uncovered areas: the remaining non-covered grid points remain more or less grouped after each access point addition, because that way, they have the lowest average distance davg between them.
Specifically, we assume the existence of a spanning tree from each access point to all mobile devices within the transitive transmission range of the access point.
A state-of-the-art outdoor 3D ray tracer [19] was used to model the time-varying channel matrix H between the access point (AP) and each user equipment (UE).
Since no fast backhaul communication between the tiers is assumed, each femto access point has to be able to determine whether it creates interference to macro cell users.
The path loss between an access point and a grid point is determined by calculating the path loss for all possible paths between access point and grid point, where optimizations are implemented in order to speed up the calculations.
This tree represents the possible paths between an access point and the receiver.
In short, this box, which sits between the access point and the Internet, injects ads into Wi-Fi streams.
The work presented in [15] used a proxy AQM between the access point for WLAN and the wired network.
