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Moreover, several previous studies investigating the association between direct measures of central adiposity and BMD reported conflicting results.
Studies investigating the relationship between direct measures of infection or microbial exposure rates and atopy necessarily rely on epidemiological data.
The current study was designed to explore ethnic-specific differences in the relationship between direct measures of adiposity and plasma total and HMW adiponectin concentrations in a multi-ethnic population of Aboriginals, Chinese, Europeans, and South Asians.
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The results of previous investigations of the association between surrogate or direct measures of central adiposity and BMD have been inconsistent.
Similarly, Svendsen et al. [ 25] reported low correlations between predictions and direct measures of shoulder postures among painters, machinists, and mechanics.
Table 3 shows that for all three subscales analysed, the correlation between indirect and quasi-indirect measures of change was found to be substantially higher than the correlation between indirect and direct measures of change.
Correlation coefficients between indirect and quasi-indirect measures of change ranged from r = .60 to r = .71, compared to r = .37 to r = .48 between indirect and direct measures of change.
However, central obesity was suggested to be more relevant to bone health than general obesity reflected by BMI; thus, differences in the relationships between surrogate and direct measures of central adiposity and BMD were proposed to underlie the contradictory findings.
Pearson's correlations between the indirect and direct measures of the corresponding construct indicate whether indirect measures are well constructed and adequately cover the breadth of the measured construct [ 43].
In addition, a number of authors have reported evidence of a relationship between facial masculinity and direct measures of circulating testosterone in adulthood (Penton-Voak and Chen 2004; Roney et al. 2006; Pound et al. 2009).
Here, the association between the independent variables weighing/height measure history, recall ability for weight/height, response capability for weight/height and BMI response capability and the dependent variables difference between self-reported and direct measures of weight, height and BMI z-score were analysed, respectively.
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