Employing the modified multilevel set method (MLSM) [40, 41], we have to trace the two interfaces between different materials (iron/air and permanent magnet/air) by corresponding signed distance functions (phi_{1}) and (phi_{2}), see also Figure 4.
The application of adhesive bonding is also very beneficial because it makes the bonding between different materials possible and it also provides more uniform stress distribution in the joint area over conventional mechanical fasteners that expose the material to concentrated stress [3].
The conversion efficiency between different materials, low-Z and high-Z material, is compared and simulations have been performed by SRIM code.
An abrasive film is more rigid than a cloth and so does not follow the surface differences between different materials.
The accuracy of these models varies between different materials, AM technologies and machine runs.
No bonding between different materials is needed, and the resulting device is made entirely from one piece.
The circular shape boundary line representing the edge of the debonded region is analysed as a 3D crack front located between two different materials, and the Stress-Intensity Factors are determined for different remote loadings and composite characteristics.
In what concerns the adhesion between two different materials, and assuming the same bond characteristics for the three fiber strengthening techniques, the NSM system using FRP strips had the highest maximum load transmitted to the FRP strip combined with the lowest effective bond length.
