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Objective is to detect and deal with any discrepancies between different language versions that threaten conceptual equivalence and comparability across languages.
Differential item functioning has, in particular, been observed between different language versions of other HRQoL questionnaires (e.g. the EORTC QLQ-C30, [ 26]).
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We thus ask: Which words play an important role in the descriptions of the folksonomy underlaying OSM data, and which differences exist between the different language versions?
Phase one will also involve centralizing the links between the different language versions of Wikipedia.
Although the LISAT has been used in cross-country studies [ 25, 26], those did not examine potential bias between the different language versions of the instrument.
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Participants completing different language versions differed in some characteristics (Table 1).
Defining an equivalence margin for different language versions of a HRQoL instrument involves specifying the magnitude of difference in scores between versions that is clinically unimportant (i.e. that would not adversely influence the results of research which pooled data from these versions [ 18]).
It also produced several different language versions for other countries.
In total 14 different language versions of the survey were created.
Based on the observations and received feedback, adjustments to wording were incorporated into the different language versions of the questionnaire.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com