Recombination between the different isolates was analyzed using the Phi test for recombination implemented in the tool SplitsTree4 [ 56].
These results are in accordance with the results reported in the present investigation, where the majority of the isolates were identical to the most common isolates from European cattle, although some variation between the different isolates was found.
The genetic variability between the different isolates was low regardless of 1) time of the year during which the strain was recovered, 2) disease symptoms in the infected patients, 3) presumed route of infection, and 4) environment in which the patient lived.
The strain causing the medical outbreak (referred to as the medical strain) was nontypable with phages (NT), but the strain relatedness between different isolates could be ascertained by ribotyping and PFGE.
To determine whether there were any differences in growth rates between different isolates, which might be linked to the additional metabolic genes or the lactose metabolism pathway identified in the genome for ST203-representative strain Aus0085, we conducted growth curve experiments to compare doubling times between the ST17 and ST203 strains.
Based on differences in restriction enzyme cleavage patterns and different reactivity with monoclonal antibodies between different isolates, HHV-6 was divided into two subgroups, HHV-6A and HHV-6B.
However, the method has also been successfully used when relationships between different isolates of specific bacteria have been investigated [ 33, 34] and it has been used to update diagnostic panels for relevant serotypes in the national monitoring program for E. coli [ 29, 27].
Therefore, CGH was able to determine genetic differences between different isolates and allowed unsupervised comparison of large sets of isolates.
Species-specific diagnostic tools enabling discrimination between the four species are required as each species elicits minimal phenotypic features (Henk et al. 2011) which are likely to be unstable between different isolates.
Several genotyping methods that distinguish between different isolates of M. bovis have been reported.
