Differences between clusters were also seen in apoptosis (stimulatory and suppressive) and immune response (such as antigen) pathways in each set of data.
Values of FST between clusters were also lower than those of the thematic collection, demonstrating that a smaller degree of differentiation existed between the inferred groups of CC corex (varying between 0.120 and 0.138), although it was still significant.
The STRUCTURE clustering method revealed only two subpopulations: one subpopulation sampled from trees carrying the Rvi6 gene and a second one infecting non- Rvi6 trees, the distinction between these two clusters was also visible in the results of the PCoA.
The mutually exclusive relationship between starvation-induced or -repressed gene clusters was also apparent in a comparison of the Pyxis map of starvation-repressed genes detected by Gasch et al. with maps of a second, independently derived dataset of genes induced by starvation recently reported by Radonjic et al. [ 3].
An earlier mtDNA study of A. darlingi [ 28], although lacking western Amazonian Brazil samples, detected considerable population structure throughout South America that is congruent with some of the Amazonian differentiation detected here; specifically, differentiation across the Amazon River [ 37] and between the NEA and SEAC Brazil population clusters was also detected with mtDNA [ 28].
Similarly, any similarities between structures in separate clusters are also ignored.
Notably, such a phylogenetic relationship between Pcdhα and Pcdhγ clusters is also evident in mammalian Pcdh clusters [ 3, 12, 13].
In the left panel, a stick model shows the details of the hydrogen-bond clusters made by R54 and T53 of chain C (light pink) connecting with R54, D58, and Q59 of chain B (yellow) (the same hydrogen-bond clusters are also formed between chains D and A).
Desynchrony between B52 mutant and wild-type clusters is also revealed by staining with the neuronal marker Elav. Figure 2B shows that Elav staining is weak and not yet restricted to the neuron in B52 mutant clones, whereas the neuron is more strongly stained in wild-type clusters.
Some subtype clusters were also recognized ranging in size between two and 22 isolates.
