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Here we show in mice that the proliferative response to bacterial infection or chemical injury within the bladder is regulated by signal feedback between basal cells of the urothelium and the stromal cells that underlie them.
A primary signaling target for the urothelium is afferent neurons which are closely apposed to and penetrate between basal cells of the lamina propria and even urothelium.
Deaf, claudin-11-deficient mice lack an EP due to impaired TJs between basal cells of the stria vascularis (23, 24).
In addition, claudin-11 knockout mice developed deafness due to selective disruption of the barrier function with disappearance of TJs between basal cells of the stria vascularis (Gow et al., 2004; Kitajiri et al., 2004b).
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Interestingly, direct cell-cell contact between basal cells and club stem cells in the tracheal epithelium inhibits the reprogramming of club stem cells into basal stem cells [ 13].
The large transcriptome difference between basal cells and stem cells as shown by PCA suggests that basal cells are not likely to possess functional properties of stem cells.
Therefore, the vascular lumen must form between the basal cell surfaces of these two polarized epithelial cell layers.
We showed that vessel formation is initiated between the basal cell surfaces of endoderm and mesoderm (Fig. 5A).
However, in the case of the heart and aortae, mesoderm-derived endothelial cells develop between the basal cell surfaces of endoderm and mesoderm (Fig. 5C).
During amphioxus development a laminin-containing extracellular matrix (ECM) was found to fill the space between the basal cell surfaces of endoderm and mesoderm along their anterior-posterior (A-P) axes.
For instance, the heart, or subintestinal vessel, develops between the basal cell surfaces of the intestinal epithelium and the mesothelium that face with their apical cell surfaces the gut tube (upper part of Fig. 5A) and the coelomic cavity (lower part of Fig. 5A), respectively.
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