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The circular-linear correlation r between an angular variable θ and a linear variable x is computed from where r12 is the Pearson correlation between cos θ and sin θ, r13 is the Pearson correlation between cos θ and x, and r23 the Pearson correlation between sin θ and x.
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The measurement for each angular variable was performed by using a cephalometric protractor and was measured to the nearest 0.5°.
The angular variable SN-ML also presented a statistically significant increase in patients treated with chin cup [10],[10],[10],[10].
The extent of changes in the landmark and the linear and angular variables between the T1 and T2 stages were measured by a single operator using Ondemand program (Tables 3 and 4).
A total of 29 sagittal, vertical, and angular variables were evaluated for each group.
Significant differences between the tooth-borne and bone-anchored protraction facemask groups were found in five of the 14 vertical and angular variables.
Significant differences between the tooth-borne and bone-anchored protraction facemask groups were found in three of the 10 sagittal and angular variables.
The identity variable then becomes an angular one α ∈ [0, 2π).
For example, Gray et al. [ 21] introduced the concept of a "state-space encoded phase variable," θ, which is an angular representation of the action potential.
These results indicate an angular resolution between 15° and 20°, given the 5° step.
A neutral tibial arch angle was defined as an angular measurement between −1° and 1°.
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