Pairwise population differentiation between all three populations based on allele frequencies (FST) showed relatively low values (0.017 0.027) but all were highly significant (Table 3).
Third, outlier tests were performed pairwise between all four population pairs, as overall divergence based on global FST values may not detect candidates that are under selection in only some of the populations (Vitalis et al. 2001) and also to identify which populations that are under directional selection for each locus.
Thus PhcaZ7Y, Phca1G8, and PhcaGQL consistently showed null allele frequencies between 0.128 0.320 in all three populations.
We detected a total of 29 982 SNPs/indels that were spread relatively evenly within, between, and among all three populations (Fig. 2, Supplementary Sheet 2).
We calculated the distances ΔzALLO and ΔzSYM, and tested whether ΔzSYM - ΔzALLO > 0. Under competitive release, we found strong support for phenotypic convergence between ecotypes from all three populations (randomization test, dst1018: P = 1.0 × 10-6, dst1019: P = 1.0 × 10-6 andst102020: P = 1.0 × 10-6).
Color morph frequencies differed significantly between all eight populations (χ² = 1168, df = 35, P < 0.001).
Finally, coalescent models implemented in MIGRATE-N [ 31] demonstrate substantial levels of ongoing migration between all four populations with high estimates in all directions and overlapping confidence intervals for estimates of theta.
Boldness scores were more similar within than among individuals in all three populations, consistent between years, and unrelated to age.
The existence of an admixture zone in the central Andean region results in a lack of reciprocal monophyly between all the four population groups and makes their recognition as subspecies or ESUs controversial.
