Finally, coalescent models implemented in MIGRATE-N [ 31] demonstrate substantial levels of ongoing migration between all four populations with high estimates in all directions and overlapping confidence intervals for estimates of theta.
The Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 is a metabolic pathway that is also significantly (P<0.05) differentiated between all three population pairs.
For population mean fitness, separate linear mixed models were built for f < 0.40 to make pairwise comparisons between all three population sizes and for f > 0.40 to compare the N2 and N10 populations.
The existence of an admixture zone in the central Andean region results in a lack of reciprocal monophyly between all the four population groups and makes their recognition as subspecies or ESUs controversial.
Color morph frequencies differed significantly between all eight populations (χ² = 1168, df = 35, P < 0.001).
Pairwise population differentiation between all three populations based on allele frequencies (FST) showed relatively low values (0.017 0.027) but all were highly significant (Table 3).
Thus PhcaZ7Y, Phca1G8, and PhcaGQL consistently showed null allele frequencies between 0.128 0.320 in all three populations.
We detected a total of 29 982 SNPs/indels that were spread relatively evenly within, between, and among all three populations (Fig. 2, Supplementary Sheet 2).
Indeed, timing of hatching differed significantly between locations, but all five populations responded similarly to the conditions prevailing at these sites, indicating that, in this population network, the timing of hatching depends largely on the local environmental conditions rather than on population differences.
We calculated the distances ΔzALLO and ΔzSYM, and tested whether ΔzSYM - ΔzALLO > 0. Under competitive release, we found strong support for phenotypic convergence between ecotypes from all three populations (randomization test, dst1018: P = 1.0 × 10-6, dst1019: P = 1.0 × 10-6 andst102020: P = 1.0 × 10-6).
