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With the exception of one roe deer (fawn), all seropositive animals were adults (no statistically significant difference between age classes or sexes).
Such models have highlighted uncertainty regarding critical transmission parameters describing mixing between age classes or social groups in heterogeneously mixing populations [ 3].
The resampling methods were found to be an improvement over previous analytical approaches, as significant synchrony and seasonality of births were identified and some significant differences were observed between age classes or years.
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The difference in OR between age classes 2 and 3 was nonsignificant, as shown by the almost completely overlapping 95% confidence intervals, suggesting that transmission between overwintering specimens (living through fall to spring) was limited in the studied populations.
No significant differences were observed between sexes, age classes, or seasons.
In the interests of model simplicity, the population is assumed to be homogeneous and well mixed and we have made no attempt to distinguish between different age classes or different transmission properties in sub-populations.
Results were unequivocal in indicating a significant difference between age classes (P = 0.0181 (trace test) or 0.006 (test based on the first squared canonical correlation)), with eight out of the 11 fallen needle samples being correctly classified, i.e. placed in the correct needle class by the cross-validation procedure of CAP.
There was no difference in prey pursuit frequency or duration between age classes, but in the hunting tactic.
We analyzed the data in separate age classes in order to compare the same individuals in successive age classes, eliminating individuals that did not survive to the next age class; another reason for this was to visualize differences between age classes, which could be obscured by too general or too complicated a model.
But since old females dived longer with the same prey pursuit rate as other age classes (there was no difference in the number or duration of prey pursuit between age classes); we suggest that older females have lower prey pursuit ability despite their use of energy saving hunting tactics.
To investigate whether calls differed between age classes and sexes, nested pDFAs were calculated with sex (N = 2) or age class (N = 2) as the test factor and individual identity (N = 10) as the control factor.
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