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As noted above, we use an aggregated measure of education here instead of years of education to avoid potential bias caused by correlated measurement error between a control variable and the dependent variable.
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It is interested to see that a trade-off between both objectives is produced, so a control variable is used to incorporate the importance given to both objectives by managers.
Profitability is included as a control variable although the relationship between CSR disclosure and profitability is inconclusive (McWilliams et al. 2006).
Due to the special structure of the control constraint set K, we can derive a relationship between the control variable and the co-state variable of (2.8 - 2.10) in the following lemma.
In this experiment, no correlation was found between the control variable engine speed (rpm) and other variables.
Based on the variational principle, the adjoint equations are derived from the nonlinear hydrodynamic equations of CCHE1D, which are to establish a unique relationship between flood control variables and hydrodynamic variables.
The linear programming assumes a linear behaviour between dependent and control variables around an operating point, modelled with sensitivities.
To use this method, user needs to specify a causal relationship between all the control variables, and between the control variables and their controlling components.
Furthermore, there are no other remarkable correlations between the control variables.
However, further research is necessary to enhance our understanding of the overall behavior, as well as the interactions between these control variables.
In Model 1, just the control variables, including firm age, firm size, stage of industry life cycle and industry structure factors were entered and no significant association was observed between the control variables and innovation performance.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com