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However, while residual confounding could have resulted in over- or under-estimates in our study, it is unlikely that the direction of effect would have changed with better control of confounding.
50 Secondly, our study methods differed, with potentially better control of confounding.
Pooled analysis, sometimes described as meta-analysis of individual patient data, offers many advantages over the meta-analysis of the results of studies, including consistent determination of subgroup effects, standardization of definitions of cases and variables, and better control of confounding [ 47, 48].
In their study, Smargiassi et al [ 14] achieved a better control of confounding with area-based residential property values than with census tract-based income, suggesting that the former might capture material circumstances, which they refer to as socio-economic status, more accurately.
For 30-day pneumonia mortality, previous estimates ranged from 31% to 64%, whereas our study showed 16% protection (10% after adjustment).[21], [23] [26] The reduced benefits may indicate better control of confounding due to more finely stratified disease groupings.
The possibility remains that a better control of confounding factors may completely account for the observed poorer prognosis in US-resident Black men with prostate cancer.
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The biggest advantages to using predictors adjusted for known nonlinear effects are (1) higher sensitivity at the individual subject level of analysis, (2) better control of confounds related to nonlinear effects, and (3) more accurate estimates of design efficiency in experimental fMRI design.
Peter Helms, a professor of child health at the University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom, adds that the ACSL3 link with asthma needs to be more convincingly demonstrated, with better control of possible confounding factors (such as maternal smoking), rigorous diagnostic criteria, and long-term follow-up.
We considered randomisation without matching or stratification to be a better control of potential confounding, 33 given the multiple features of study sites that might vary and the feasibility of matching schools by only a few features, and we chose an unpaired t test comparing mean change in students' use from pre-test to post-test at the school level for the primary analysis.
Potentially, the greater homogeneity of worker type, health-care access, and income provides better control for confounding by socioeconomic status.
Monitoring large groups of people for long periods has enabled researchers to better control for confounding factors such as age, sex, and cigarette smoking, said Pope.
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