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To estimate the impact of recent changes in health status, the subjects were asked "How has your health status changed during the last year?" Three class variables were created from the five alternative responses: worse ("much worse", "worse"), same ("no change"), and better ("better", "much better").
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All patients are asked to answer on a seven-step global rating scale (ranging from much worse, worse, slightly worse, no difference, slightly better, better to much better) the overall improvement in their knee symptoms after the operation.
Improvement in chest pain and general health is rated by the participants using an ordinal 7-point scale using the categories: "Much worse", "worse", "a little worse", "no change", "a little better", "better", and "much better".
The positive scores 1, 2, and 3 indicate that SSC is slightly better, better and much better than AAC, respectively.
The questionnaire mostly consisted of structured questions, measured on a bipolar five-point Likert scale (e.g. much better, better, not better/not worse, worse, much worse).
The response alternatives for the questions about physical activity level and management of everyday life were much better, better, no difference, lower, and much lower.
Responses were: much better; better; a little better; no change; a little worse; worse; or much worse.
There were four possible responses: much better, better, same, worse.
The responses were dichotomized in worse (combining bad and very bad) vs. not worse (much better, better, the same).
Can do better, much better.
Things can be made better – much better.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com