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Microtubules are composed of alpha- and beta subunits that are assembled into heterodimers with the help of cofactors and are then incorporated into microtubule polymers [5] [6].
It is known that potassium channel function is modulated by auxiliary Beta subunits that are homologous to the oxidoreductase family of proteins [16].
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It consists of an invariant alpha subunit (encoded by Suclg1) and a beta subunit that is either ADP (Sucla2) or GDP-specific (Suclg2).
HIF-1 protein is a heterodimer composed of an alpha and a beta subunit that is involved in cellular processes such as energy metabolism, apoptosis, proliferation, death and growth.
CG31742 (↓45d ↓45d MN, glia, MN+glia) is a proteasome beta subunit that is a component of the 20S catalytic core of the 26S proteasome and has a role in the response to DNA damage (Ravi et al. 2009).
The pore-forming alpha subunits comprise a gene family of up to ten members in vertebrate species [ 1], which are associated with four types of auxiliary beta-subunits that are important for the biogenesis and gating kinetics of functional alpha-subunits [ 2].
Analysis of the structures of the N-terminal domain of mtMCM protein and the near full-length structure of ssoMCM protein has revealed interesting beta-hairpin structures of each subunit that are located in the central channel or side channels in the MCM hexamer (Brewster et al. 2008; Fletcher et al. 2003).
Experimental observations also suggest the existence of EPO receptor (EPOR) isoforms mediating EPO's diverse biological activities and have identified a tissue-protective receptor complex consisting of the EPOR and the beta common receptor (CD131) subunit that is also employed by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3 and interleukin-5.
The receptors for IL-3, GM-CSF and IL-5 consist of a cytokine-specific alpha subunit and a common beta subunit (βc) that are both required for function [13] [17].
This characteristic is also remnant of voltage-gated calcium channel beta subunits that lack PDZ domains.
It is however the accessory beta subunit that mediates the voltage-dependence of the inhibition [13].
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