Six different indices are used: (1) edge density, (2) edge sinuosity, (3) eta index, (4) node density, (5) order of a node, and (6) beta index.
The results show that the HSR network largely increased overall connectivity according to the increasing Beta index and clustering coefficient, and decreasing average path length.
Other issuers have chosen to launch ETFs based on so-called "smart beta" indexing that effectively removes human discretion from otherwise active decisions.
Regardless of whether it is a broad market cap or smart beta index, these traditionally passive tools are being sliced and diced, reconstructed and are being "actively" used by the investment management industry more than even before.
Investors who track these indices end up buying high and selling low.To avoid this problem, smart-beta indices weight companies by their sales, or profits, or even volatility.
Inter-hemispheric theta, alpha, and beta power asymmetry index differences were noted, with controls exhibiting greater right than left hemisphere activation.
For the most part, these packaged, multi-asset products have higher advisory fees built in than straight-beta index ETFs.
It must be noted, however, that certain substrate types were markedly more common than others and, as such, there is a strong bias towards higher beta diversity indices in certain substrates due to under sampling of others (Fig. 2).
The results obtained using beta diversity indices emphasize the importance of recruitment in structuring the reef's macrofauna and – paradoxically – the ecological value of S. alveolata degraded forms as biodiversity and recruitment promoters.
The effects of a continuous and increasing disturbance on the associated fauna were investigated using pairwise beta diversity indices (Sørensen and Bray-Curtis dissimilarities and their decomposition into turnover and nestedness).
