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The best understood pathway of substrate translocation by T4S systems is the one utilized by A. tumefaciens VirB/VirD4 system.
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The best understood direct pathway is the mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR -mediated transport of lysosoM6PR -mediated enzymes [ 50].
The cellular response to the inflammatory cytokine TNF- α is the best understood of these pathways and serves to signal cell survival through activation of NF- κB transcription factors, or cell death through apoptosis or programmed necrosis (necroptosis).
Arguably, the best understood of these pathways is controlled by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1).
One of the best understood examples of a glycan-initiated signaling pathway results from stimulation of mincle, which is a simple type II transmembrane receptor expressed on macrophages (Matsumoto et al. 1999).
The best understood Wnt signalling pathway is the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which ultimately results in an activation of the DNA bound TCF/LEF transcription factors.
The Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) signaling pathway is one of the best understood receptor signaling pathways [ 7].
The molecular genetics of both these pathways are among the best understood of all human cancers.
The best understood role of ovarian steroid hormones is probably their participation in reproductive tract physiology.
T7 is one of the best understood of the tailed phages from molecular and physiology perspectives.
miRNAs are the best understood class of sRNAs.
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