For urinary SPMA, 2.2 µg/g creatinine ± 2.4 (average ± standard deviation) and 0.7 µg/g creatinine ± 0.7 correspond to the air benzene concentration equivalent to the USEPA RfC and 10−5 theoretical cancer risk, respectively.
The single dose oral LD values of the soot and its benzene extract equivalent, each administered to female guinea pigs in 0.75% methyl cellulose, were 410 and 327 mg/kg, respectively.
The majority of non-smoking study groups had central tendency values below the benzene biomonitoring equivalent value (150 ng/L) releated to non-cancer effects, whereas almost the entire smoking group exceeded this level.
For blood benzene, the biomonitoring equivalent value (Hays et al., 2012) relating to the USEPA non-cancer and cancer endpoints was used.
Finally, biomonitoring guidance values based upon existing governmental toxicological benchmarks (i.e. USEPA RfC) such as the Biomonitoring Equivalent for benzene should be used as risk management tools for screening human biomonitoring data (Hays et al., 2012).
(1998) to derive a Biomonitoring Equivalent value for benzene in blood is used here.
Similar to the governmental toxicological benchmarks, the biomonitoring guidance values, such as the biomonitoring equivalent determined for benzene, are risk management tools used for priority setting, identifying additional research needs and evaluating if exposure to a particular chemical needs to be controlled (Hays et al., 2012).
-wrap-foot> Spectakenaken in benzene- d6 with 27 equivalents of analyte The nitro groups on the periphery of common explosive materials, such as TNT, have the potential to act as Lewis-base donors.
The Court required OSHA to develop better evidence of leukemia from occupational exposure to airborne benzene, concluding that "safe" is "not equivalent to risk-free".
The formation of the 1,4-naphthoquinone (α-quinone), which is the equivalent of the quinone in benzene oxidation, supports this premise [16].
