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The Heritage Foundation sometimes offers a narrow definition of the "unsustainable welfare state," based on means-tested programs – benefits directed to those with income below a poverty threshold, like Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, food stamps and Medicaid.
Social assistance, however, is one of the selective and means-tested benefits directed only to those in need [ 6].
RW P is supported by benefits directed to a research fund by Amgen, Lima, Link and Zimmer.
WvdW, HJH and TS are supported by benefits directed to a research fund from Biomet Inc. SA declares no conflict of interest.
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Even when helping provides direct benefits, directing that help to relatives adds indirect benefits, increasing the overall selection on the helping trait.
These developments in DNA synthesis technology (and lowered cost) can greatly benefit directed evolution studies.
In principle, this ought to reflect all the anticipated costs and benefits, direct and indirect, that impinge on company values.
Female preferences have been selected for mates providing the most material benefits (direct selection, reviewed by [3]) or genetic benefits (indirect selection, reviewed by [4]).
Here, the economic impacts of healthcare research are classified into four domains: commercial benefits, direct cost-savings, human capital, and the value of life and health.
Major government transfers and benefits are directed at different age groups.
Altruistic behaviours can evolve through indirect fitness benefits when directed toward kin.
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